Marx and Weber’s Theories of Class Structure in Modern Society Essay

Karl Marx has given us the most influential overview of how industrialization has affected the modern social formations. According to his industrialization gave us two new classes, which had evolved from the old feudal society. The bourgeoisie and the proletariat (Bradley, 2006: 134-135). The bourgeoisie in England, the new economically dominant class. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, they tried to strengthen its social and political power. At the local level, they obtained the power in many villages, especially north of the country. They did this through by starting schools and leisure facilities to the people. At the national level, they tried to challenge the old power group, the aristocracy. With the political reforms they tried to take from them the benefits they had gained through having had the political power. Especially important was the fact that, corn law that kept the price of agricultural commodities artificially high, and thus protected landowners from the free market, was abolished. In political terms, was not dissolved landowner class, but the bourgeoisie was to share power with them (Bradley, 2006: 135). Proletariat or working class, is the second class in modern society formations, according to Marx. Deprived of the opportunity to produce their own livelihoods, they were forced to sell all they possess, their labor, in order to survive. According to Marx, the relationship between these classes both that they were dependent on each other and hostile to each other. Workers needed for the bourgeoisie to find them work, and the bourgeoisie needed workers for a profit. But the relationship was an inherent conflict because of the exploitative nature of these financial arrangements contained (Bradley, 2006: 135). Like many other community comments from the nineteenth century, Marx thought that the pay no workers were paid, did not represent the value of the goods they created through their work. Through parts of their working hours, a worker producing goods corresponding to a value of their existence will cost. The rest of their working time, the goods they produce, represent additional value. Parts of this value was taken by the bourgeoisie, in the form of profit. It can be argued that the bourgeoisie, to take a risk nvestments and take the initiative to create jobs, deserve the profits. It is an important argument used by many today. Marx, however, believes that there are workers whose work produces goods that are entitled to these profits. But the payroll system, where you get paid a day’s job, not based on the effort you put down, hides the fact that the workers are taken from the profits of their work. This was what Marx meant by the exploitative nature of these financial arrangements contained. It was also in the interests of the bourgeoisie and increase their profits, to either cut the salaries of workers or get them to increase their production, without getting a higher salary (Bradley, 2006: 135-136). Marx believed that when the working class began to understand how they were exploited, and saw how unfair the system was, they would try to change it. They shared experiences and awareness of exploitation will be the basis for a whole class, which will stand up and dissolution of this economic system, replacing it with a fairer system where workers controlled the profits (Bradley, 2006. 36). Marx recognized the existence of multiple classes of society, but they seemed unimportant compared to the great struggle for power that we have described over here. Max Weber, however, wrote about the social importance of what are now described as the new middle class. These are variations of the groups of officials, from office workers to teachers, and leaders. Weber noted that the large growth of bureaucracy, led to a high increase in this new middle class. As the working class, this class was also quite maktlos, in the fact that they owned what they produced, but had to sell his own labor. Yet they received higher social benefits than the working class, and was thus placed in a situation of competition and rivalry with them. Weber believed, along with many other sociologists, that the growth of this new middle class would block the working class would rise up against the bourgeoisie (Bradley, 2006: 136). Weber’s concept of classes avveik from Marx on other important areas. While he acknowledged that there were important divisions in society between the classes of property and the propertyless, Weber believed that there were large differ even within these groups. Not only was it than the gap between the working and middle class, as described here, but also within classes. These divisions were created by the market that rewarded groups differ in terms of what skills they had. Scholars workers were more appreciated than the unlearned, because of their experience and training. The middle class had different groupings varying levels of qualifications, education, and training to offer. Within classes of property, there were also divisions between groups with according to what kind of property they possessed. While Marx’s exploitation theory and class conflict, he was to highlight the potential for unity between the two major classes, was Weber’s emphasis on the shared roles in the market resulted in his views on different groups within classes, that they existed in a climate of rivalry with each other. The conflict was as great within the classes as between the different classes (Bradley, 2006: 136-137). This effect was reinforced, according to Weber, because the economic conditions within the classes was further complicated by two other overlapping sources of social divisions, namely Weber call status and party affiliation. Differences in status refers to the different amount of prestige or social position held by different groups. Weber argued that the different status within the working class, working against Marx’s theory of a combined class that would stand against the bourgeoisie. Finally, Weber believed that the parties and other political organizations would go across class and status divisions in its membership, as they sought to mobilize the power to get to meet the interests of its members. On this basis, Weber produced a model of community formation that was more complex than Marx’s polar model (Bradley, 2006: 137). If you look at history at the beginning of the nineteenth century, it is more like speaking in relation to Marx’s model, than Weber. The period between 1780 to 1840 was a time of constant upheaval, in which workers fought against the new industrial system and tribulations, and poverty that industrialization brought with it. There were food shortages, hundreds of strikes and demonstrations in the industrialized areas. These riots led to political reforms such as voting rights for all men. But most riots were ocal and small scale, reflecting the fact that industrialization was a rough prosesss, which took different forms and occurred at varying speeds around. Which meant that workers were in rebellion against a seat, was not a problem elsewhere (Bradley, 2006: 137-138). As an introduction to the Communist Manifesto Karl Marx wrote the text and civil proletarian. In this text Marx portrays class organization in modern society. Out of the feudal ruin, developed the modern bourgeois society itself. This happened without the class divisions that existed in the society was abolished. In this new modern bourgeois society, new classes were inserted in place of the old, it was added to the new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle between classes. The change that stands out in this era, as the bourgeois era, however, is that it has simplified class antagonisms. The whole society sharing more and more into two great hostile camps, two classes that are directly against each other: bourgeoisie and proletariat. Large industry has created the world market that had been prepared by the discovery of America. The world market has made trade, shipping and transport across an immense development. This has again appeared back on the industry distribution, and to the same extent that the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital and it needed all the classes that came from the Middle Ages in the background. Thus we see how the modern bourgeoisie is itself a product of a long development, a series of upheavals in the mode of production and communication conditions. The bourgeoisie has not drunk during this century they have had class domination, created a more comprehensive, colossal productive forces than all preceding generations together. Subjugation of natural forces, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, shipping traffic, railways electric tickers, cultivation of whole continents, rivers made navigable, whole populations stamped out of the earth – what earlier century knew that such production forces hidden in society’s womb . The most important prerequisite for citizenship class existence and domination is that wealth accumulate in private hands, that capital formation and increased; condition for capital is wage labor. Employment depends solely on the competition the workers hemselves. Progress in the industry, that the bourgeoisie will-less and without resistance the carrier, leading to a revolutionary union of workers of associations rather than their division by mutual competition. With great industrial development thus loses the bourgeoisie itself the basis on which it produces and appropriates products. It produces mainly his own executioner. Bourgeoisie doom and victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable (Englestad, 1992: 235-243). Max Weber’s theories of social classes, is seen as the main alternative to Marx. Weber takes, like Marx, based on the economic conditions. But unlike Marx, Weber adds not only focus on the relationship between employers and employees, but several types of economic relations. As the basic class relationship Weber looks at Community in living conditions and life chances. This allows, for example, under certain historical conditions, creditors and debtors constitute classes in line with workers and employers (Englestad, 1992: 221). Weber parts Marx’s view that capitalism is a distinctive and hoyviktig event in Western society. But he does not share Marx’s view that the bourgeoisie will lose in the class struggle and class struggle that will create conditions for a society without classes. He looks instead at the â€Å"citizen† as the embodiment of a particular type of action, the purpose of rational action – a type of action that would overcome the national figure of history. The centralized socialist â€Å"bureaucracy† will also be an objective rational character or social position. However, this role will mean less freedom for the individual, and socialist planned economy would threaten society with tilstivning. Max Weber defeated why socialism and the beginnings of a political revolution in Germany in the last years of his life, because he preferred a civil society (Osterberg, 1984: 103-104). Marx believes that capitalism has led to a system where those who have much, the citizen will receive more, while those who have little, the worker will receive less. He believed that this was a system that the worker would not find themselves in, and therefore rebel against the bourgeois. Weber, however, was not so concerned about how the system could be changed. He was ore concerned with finding out why capitalism has evolved as it has done in the West. Marx sees the citizen as a tyrant utilization above the worker. This new social class utilizes the community for their own growth. Citizen control means of production, and to use them, he needs to buy labor from workers. The citizen does not work and even sympathize not with worker. Borg’s only interaction with the worker is when he goes around and complain that the worker is not working hard enough. The worker who does all the work but where is the citizen who has all the benefits. Marx wanted the worker’s revolution to create a society where everyone is equal and care about everyone’s welfare. Capitalism has no thoughts of a common welfare and does not care about the individual, only the capital and production. Here, Weber disagreed. He believed that the growth of capitalism, was a result of what he calls the Protestant ethic. Marx believes that the capitalist boss is lazy and demanding, does not match this with Weber’s view. Because of the Protestant ethic, he could not sit and pretend to, because it would be a sin. This meant that they would stand to work out of reverence to God. This is what Weber believes is the reason for the growth of capitalism. As capitalism grew up and the economy improved, they would continually reinvest their income. They worked hard and instead of using up what they earned with the same, one would set it aside. The continuous work ethic was a result of the belief that God wanted that to work, and working hard was hoping more to get to heaven. Weber believed that the Christian citizen would work hard for the income he received. Working for God’s glory, and the more successful you are, the more one is priced of God.

Literacy and the Politics of Education Summary Essay

In the article, â€Å"Literacy and the Politics of Education,† author C. H. Knoblauch touches on a deeper understanding about the concept of literacy. His perspective conveys that literacy is much more than what society usually perceives it as; just reading and writing. Clearly laid out in his essay are four notable types of literacy which are: functional literacy, cultural literacy, critical literacy, and personal growth literacy. Knoblauch chose this subject in order to express his frustration on societies and their lack of motivation to excel being literate. He feels that America is becoming more illiterate since the development of new technology. Not that more Americans are forgetting how to read and write, but that more are failing to use literacy as a means of enriching themselves and furthering themselves through life. The most prevalent form of literacy, especially in the United States, is functional literacy. It exists not as an art, not to paint a picture, or to express emotions. Functional literacy is, in all scenarios, a technical basis of reading and writing; just enough to get by in life. Functionalists will read what concerns them. And they certainly only write what they must, whether it is a legal document or sending a simple email. It is the literacy that exists in the very basic everyday functions for people. Cultural Literacy is just as the title suggests. It is literacy that is dependent on the individual or groups of individuals. It is passed down from generation to generation. The idea is that people rate literacy with judgment values free of influence from any government. This could most purely be portrayed as an American farming family, living far from the nearest town or city. The children are home-schooled so now the parents’ literacy is passed to the children. But more than that, the literacy passed also â€Å"includes the awareness of the cultural heritage. † (Knoblauch) The third type of literacy noted is called critical literacy. This type stems from the Marxist theory, and is also deemed as a negative in our American society. It is the type of literacy that motivates people to urge for change in their current society. It refutes dominant organizations, and urges that all people have equal opportunities. The final form of literacy, the personal growth belief, states that language is a tool to communicate the greater inner power of the human mind. This type of literacy is connected to the way humans develop cognitive thinking. It thrives on achievement and power. This type of literacy argues for the sake of literacy itself. It wants individuals to embrace literacy and let their minds wander into their own imaginations. In conclusion, literacy indeed takes many forms. â€Å"Literacy is one of those mischievous subjects. †(Knoblauch).

When did humans become modern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

When did humans become modern - Essay Example Human beings have had a long and what can only be considered to be a prosperous history since the beginning of their modern era. While this has been the case, there has also developed plenty of speculation concerning when humans became modern, and the factors which influenced such a transformation. The fact that modern humans developed can be considered to be a great feat of resilience and adaptation on the part of human which has enabled the species to thrive and ensured that it has propagated itself all over the world. The ability of this species to adapt has also ensured that it has been able to settle even in the most inhospitable regions of the world, where its members have been able to develop the necessary physical characteristics that have promoted their survival (Bar Yosef, 2002). All of the modern human beings are considered to be members of the Homo sapiens species of humans which developed some two hundred thousand years ago with the development of those physical as well as physical characteristics that are also associated with the Neanderthal man. It has now been proven that the Neanderthal man was not a direct ancestor of modern man, and that in fact, they seem to have been contemporaries, each of them competing for the same resources. While this has been the case, most archaeologists now believe that these two species of humans may have been descended from a common ancestor known as Homo heidelbergensis. Despite their being contemporaries, when compared to other species of humans such as the Neanderthal man among others, the modern human seems to have developed a more delicate bone structure. The skull structure of the modern humans seem to have been more rounded than those of the other humanoid species that existed at the time, and this was also accompanied by high foreheads, and less pointed chins (Renfrew, 1996). The latter characteristics have come to be used as a means of identifying modern humans and it is these features which enable scient ists to determine a homo sapiens. The first human fossils that were discovered in the modern age were known as the Cro-Magnon and these were found in modern France where they were considered to be very similar to modern Europeans in appearance (Bjelcevic, 2013). The skeletons of these people seemed to be less dense than those of the Neanderthals, and their brain capacities seemed to be large, larger even when compared to that of modern man. The data that has been collected over the past century and a half shows that the early modern humans developed from an archaic ancestor in the region of East Africa. The first skull that depicted the development of modern human beings was one believed to be some 195000 years old found in the Omo valley in Ethiopia. However, while it is the common assumption that modern humans developed in East Africa and latter dispersed to other parts of the world, there have developed new theories concerning the development of the modern humans and their settle ment in the rest of the world (McBrearty & Brookes, 2000). As has been stated above, the common assumption is that modern humans developed in Africa and latter scattered to the rest of the world. This is known as the replacement model, and it states that modern humans developed in Africa and later migrated to the rest of the Old World where they gained dominance, eventually replacing the Neanderthals as well as other archaic species of humans. According to this model, modern humans developed between some 200000 and 150000 years ago and over time scattered to the rest of the Old World where they replaced other archaic humans between 60000 and 40000 years ago, as a result becoming the only surviving human species (Mithen, 1998). While this assumption is disputed in some quarters, it is possible that if it is correct, then it can be speculated that all the humans on the planet today may have a common African ancestry since all the other human species that were descended from the Homo e rectus are considered to have become extinct (Blythe, 2002). While the African origins of

Research proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Research proposal - Dissertation Example The advancements in digital communications technology and the further strengthening of multilateral trade ties have created an environment in the 21st century more receptive than that which characterised international business a few decades ago. A greater understanding and familiarity with other countries’ cultures, laws, and social institutions has greatly diminished the uncertainty and distrust that held countries back from openly participating in international trade and business. Furthermore, the faster pace of technology transfer and development of productive capacity in less developed economies have created new markets that provide added impetus for cross-border trade. The United Kingdom is one such developed economy that may itself benefit from, as it may benefit others through, increased participation in other markets. A country which presents attractive opportunities for expanded trade relations is Ecuador. The prospects have to be examined further, however, and a basi s for the formulation of a viable marketing strategy has to be established before concrete plans could be drawn. 1.2 Research aim This study aims to examine implications and directions for strategic marketing that U.K firms may explore in their effort to establish a presence in the Ecuadorean market. Existing macroeconomic and industrial data for Ecuador, industry information on U.K. firms, and the use of established strategic theory in a competitive environment shall provide the context and constraints within which the aim is to be attained. 1.3 Objectives In order to satisfactorily accomplish the above-stated aim, the proposed study seeks to attain the following objectives: 1.3.1. To describe the social, political, economic, technological, ecological, and legal situations in Ecuador that may impact upon the business opportunities of foreign firms wishing to enter the market, using the PESTLE country analysis framework; 1.3.2. To identify industries in Ecuador where U.K. firms may successfully enter and create a significant impact, citing particular advantages and disadvantages, through use of Porter’s Diamond Framework. 1.3.3. To suggest strategic directions that U.K. firms may take for the industry or industries identified, in order to initially effect entry, and thereafter to sustain competitive performance in the Ecuadorean market, through the three fundamental marketing strategy paradigms, namely (a) standardization-adaptation, (b) concentration-dispersion, and (c) integration-independence. 1.4 Research questions The study shall strive to achieve the aforestated objectives, guided by the following research questions to which it shall provide relevant answers: 1.4.1 What are the social, economic, political, technological, ecological, and legal conditions existing in Ecuador that may influence the business environment? 1.4.2 On the basis of the results of the environmental scan on Ecuador, what possible industries may be engaged in by U.K. firms see king to enter the market in this country? 1.4.3 In relation to the industries identified, what possible strategic marketing directions may U.K. firms adopt in entering into and sustaining performance in these markets? 2. Literature review 2.1 International marketing strategy In deciding upon entering a foreign market, a firm takes on considerable risks, but foresees that there is an opportunity to earn considerable returns as

Harlem Renaissance Poets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Harlem Renaissance Poets - Essay Example Therefore, Spencer sought focusing upon emotions displayed by people, especially women, concerning their racialist surroundings. Another poet whose works are recognizable during the Harlem Renaissance was Countee Cullen, also an African American. Countee Cullen assumed the role of echoing African Americans for the exemplary achievements they reached besides their skin differentiation (Williams, 2012). In a second light, Cullen also sensitized other writers’ against worsening the racial lift through their works. For instance, he explained that stressing about racial discrimination never ingrained joy to the Afro-Americans, but rather empowered the opponent race. The writers display feelings of wanting to belong on either of the racial extremes. Bethel’s poem talks about white things appearing as rare, which demonstrates that the poet accepts the notion that Americans hold superior rankings compared to the Africans. Though she holds African-American blood, Bethel appreciates the latter race. Besides, heritage also demonstrates double consciousness out of the way that Cullen asks about the meaning of Africa. For instance, Cullen seems to despise his roots by talking of him having cropped by loins of black females. In addition, the mention of barbaric birds that voice their melodies in the African continent shows that Cullen fully disregards African origin. Cullen points at having dark blood constituted within him shows that the poet appears confused about his identity and gets confused of his outward white skin (Williams, 2012). This is further noticeable when Cullen talks about a tree forgetting of its budding and past times, which ex presses that he despises his African descent and embraces the American one. Therefore, these poets appear indifferent of their origins and still believe that the white race appears superior. The Harlem Poems

A policy of discretion gives central bank the ability to react to news Essay

A policy of discretion gives central bank the ability to react to news about the economy. In this light discuss whether discretion is a better way to run monetary policy than following a rule - Essay Example The econometric discretion policy evaluate on fiscal and monetary policy by using the new rational expectation method of macroeconomics. This has been the substantial subject cause for increased recent year’s research. A number of factors have provided a motivation for the research. The critique of Lucas showed that traditional discretion econometric policy was flawed in its evaluation. This was supported by the fact that recognition of rational expectation is not an implication of monetary policy effectiveness as was being potted by the discretion policy. On the other hand, the finding that credibility has significant benefits which are empirical and the demonstration of time inconsistency is a blatant proof that policy rule are superior to discretion policy (Baumol & Blinder, 2011, p.41). Although it is possible to find precursors of the new policy rule research, the recent analyses have been made possible by estimation and solution techniques which are new in the wide economy equilibrium model. The empirical model development of consistent expectation of prices and wages dynamic is another key proof factor of policy rule applicability. Also, the multi-country empirical framework abilities to efficiently handle the international cash flows in the world market as a factor of occurrence has been a proof too for policy rule’s effectiveness than discretion. However, the policy rules preferred in this research description paper have generally not involved fixed settings for the monetary policy instruments. The instruments not involved are such as the phenomenon of constant growth rate for the supply of money. In this context, the rules have been proved to be responsive by calling for the changes in the supply of money, monetary base and the short term interest rates these callings are to provide a response to the changes in the levels of price

Targeted tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Targeted tax - Essay Example They have also lowered the taxes imposed on goods and services by two points and levied more taxes on people’s income. This may encourage people to buy more goods since the goods are cheaper. They have used the money obtained through taxation as a way of improving the people’s welfare this through the child care system. The Universal Child Care Benefit Fund was a proposition that was made by the Conservative party that was meant to cater for the need of the children. The monthly provision of $ 100 a month that was to meet the cost of raising a child was later raised to $ 160 a month to meet the increased cost. Though the amount was meant to cater for the needs of the young children it never met its intended purpose. Most of these policies that were being implemented were done so from the motive of being more popular. The reduction of taxes was seen as a move to gain more popularity with the Conservatives who were the proponents’ of the policy. The reduction of taxes was meant to achieve equality and to ensure that the tax levied was proportional to the amount of income that one made. It did not achieve that goal as it favored some families and discriminated against some families as the tax levied was not equal in all families (Schanz & Mansour, 2013). They even introduced tax credits to its citizens, which was a small subsidy that was given to the citizens to ensure that they paid less tax. Though the tax relief was implemented it did little in altering peoples spending habits and neither did it influence people’s behavior. The Conservatives who came up and implemented these policies did it as a way of gaining more popularity but were oblivious of the economic impacts they had even to the Treasury. The Americans were supposed to be grateful to the cheques that were being sent to them by the federal government. They introduced the Family Tax Cut which

Managing Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Managing Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example As an example, long hours of standing were seen to cause deformities in children (Spartacus Education, n.d.). Against this backdrop, many factories began to flourish and Ransome’s Orwell Works was one of them. This was an agricultural machinery factory that produced products from 1841 to 1966 which gave them a rich history of manufacturing and growth. In the beginning of Ransome Orwell, several family members came together to work and finance the foundry and many of their workers were family friends or came from the nearby community. They always relied on people they knew to help them in their business rather than looking to strangers to help them. One thing to note is that the Ransomes were Quakers and had a large community to choose from. Because they were Quakers, they followed this way of life. This created a positive ability to recruit and select other people who were friends. Many of the people who worked for them stayed their entire lives. It could be assumed that Ranso mes had a better opportunity for recruitment because they knew and understood the people they were working around. One reason this could be surmised is that the Ipswich Transportation Museum states that many of their workers stayed with them from the time they entered the business to the time the individual died. The management style at Ransome Orwell would be very close to what the Quakers experience today. They would have a very religious idea of management and would consult each other before making decisions. Everything that is done during a business meeting begins with worship and continues as worship. People are very orderly and stand before they speak (Latham). Therefore, Ransome Orwell would have used prayer and worship as their way of making decisions in business and their management style would have reflected this attitude.

Free will Vs. Determinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Free will Vs. Determinism - Essay Example the power to make decisions, take steps and establish a specific code of conduct regarding their activities related to the personal and professional obligations without any natural and social impediments or hurdles. Consequently, causality of change and movement is reliant of people’s personal ambitions and aspirations. On the contrary, determinism vehemently focuses upon the very principle that man is dependent of some external forces in all his activities, and these external forces, related to past and present, determine his future actions, conducts and the fate as well. Since both these terms have direct connection with individual and collective life of the people, their study is certainly of vital importance for comprehending with and exploration of natural and social phenomenon existing in the universe at large. Belief in supernatural powers as well as metaphysical objects is also contingent to the intellectual investigation of the scope and magnitude of free will and det erminism. The question arises why the issue of free will vs. determinism is the problem. Since philosophers and theorists appear to be at conflict on the issue, and have presented their notions in favor of as well as against free will and determinism, it has invited the curiosity of the thinkers for the further investigation of the topic. In addition, though the theorists including Halboch, Campbell, James and others have attempted to reject Schlick’s theory of free will, yet none of them could articulate the alternate framework contrary to that of Moritz Schlick; nor the theorists could managed to give solution to nullify the free will in a comprehensive way. It is therefore the debate still serves as a moot point even this day. Another reason for being this issue a problem includes the imperative significance of the subject, which maintains direct relationship with the disciplines related to logic, philosophy, human psychology and political science. Several theories have been

Neuroscience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neuroscience - Assignment Example The tale of Lucy is elaborated by Dr. Barbara Smuts and his wife. The couple provide a classic story of their experiences with the chimp, Lucy, who was adopted when she was barely 2 days old. Lucy was brought up amidst human beings and she learned to be a human. However, as she grew up to be an adult, those who reared her realized that her future would be better in the forests amidst other members of her family and sent her back to the forests, but with some training. The story of Lucy is a heart breaking one not only for those who reared her and showed her so much of love and affection, but also to those who came to know about the story. The presentation of the episode on the radiocast is excellent and tears rolled down my face after I heard it. It is indeed a heart breaking story, Humans or non-humans, feelings are the same and to live without the ones you have loved and have loved you is very difficult. More so for an ape, who, if brought up amidst other apes in the forest would h ave had different experiences in his life all together. Although, on one side, I feel like criticizing and mocking the arrogance of humans for conducting such experiments without consent on these animals who have no other choice, at the same time; I feel sad for the tumoil they too went through for sending Lucy to the forests.

Nowadays the effect of modern society have clearly shown on human society Essay Example for Free

Nowadays the effect of modern society have clearly shown on human society Essay Nowadays the effect of modern society have clearly shown on human society after 1950’s; however, there still have people live in minority types of family role in the united states and others Asian, Middle East, and Africa are known that man as breadwinner and woman as homemaker. There are few categories that play primary factors including culture and religion, and they become a barrier for people want to live in modern society. Although the changing gender roles of modern society have been observed and been perceived through times, the acceptance of its transformation still causes negative effects to society and family. In modern society, the idea of changing gender roles seem to be difficult not only woman or man do not have the skills for other one’s tasks but it also brings potentially risk to our society. In 1950s, the gender roles have been defined that man as breadwinner and woman as homemaker. As the society’s evolved, a woman becomes more active, ambitious and independent and a man becomes more emotional and involved in house tasks. According to Aaron H. Devor in his article, â€Å"Becoming members of Society: Learning the Social Meaning of Gender,† â€Å"†¦society demands different gender performance from us and reward, tolerates, or punishes us differently for conformity to, or digression from social norm† (527). Thus, when the gender roles are defined in terms of social interaction, then social norms seem to play a key role with it. The social norms tell us how the male and female should behave, expecting people to have their own personal characteristic an d act in a way appropriate to their gender. Even when the changing gender roles affect society, it still needs to consider and follow particularistic obligation of each gender roles. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics, woman make up 47 percents of the work place between the ages of 25 and 54 worked outside home in 1995. Therefore, woman spends less time with their children or sends them to babysitter. When the society evolves and the value of the society around us has evaluated as more generalized norms of society, it will affect to the next generation. According to Devor in his article, â€Å"Becoming members of Society: Learning the Social Meaning of Gender,† â€Å"†¦.children initially acquire the value of the society around them almost indiscriminately. To the degree that children absorb the generalized standard of society into their personal concept of that is the generalized other† (530). Therefore, the changes of each parent directly affect to their children and its transformation causes the original characteristic of children to disappear or unnoticeable. Most children consider their parent as role model to follow and learn. Thus, the society and family both play a primary affect to the next generation through changing gender roles. As the previous idea, the family will affect to their children’s gender role; however, the reason unnecessarily applies to all aspects. When the families loosen attention on their children, the lacks of familial concern causes more damaged or perverted and leads the children to the wrong path in future. Each of individual family members which play a central help to their children need to consider what they do or how they behave toward their children. According to â€Å"Becoming members of Society: Learning the Social Meaning of Gender,† the family cannot pressure their children to choose the gender, when the time is right, their children will choose the appropriate gender (Devor 534). I deprecate the way of Devor’s thought, there are statistical datas show that the gender roles of children or adults have been modified by their parent and they are more likely becoming their own gender role. It is only right when the parent helps their children to choose the right path. Because of development of modern society, it appears many people not become what they are such as gays and lesbian, and it is because the lack of concern from their family. In conclusion, modern society has tremendous effects toward the development of our society; however, it also brings the potential risk, and affect to each family generation, and the lack of concerning to children in family during their mature. If we can mix the old and modern family types together, it will give us a perfect family formation in reality. The family cannot live either old type or modern type because it rules out the family existence or cannot have rigid family bond.

Exploring Surrealism In Fashion Fashion Essay

Exploring Surrealism In Fashion Fashion Essay You only have to take a glance at todays catwalks and fashion magazines to see the unmistakable traits of Surrealism in fashion. How is it then that an art initially composed of concepts and words and subsequently of images generated in the complexities of the intellect and subconscious imagination (Martin 1987, p. 9) would forge such a harmonious relationship with fashion? In a bid to answer this question this thesis will investigate the origins of Surrealism in fashion and its enduring effects on the fashion industry to this day. In order to understand how an ideal founded on political reactions would find its way into the glamour and materialism of fashion, we will firstly begin with a brief analysis of Surrealism and the main ideologies of the movements. This essay will highlight the key steps in the progression of the Surrealist movement from its founding roots through to its manifestation in its most commonly recognised form, art. Upon having completed a review on the key characteristics of Surrealist ideology we will then explore how each of these characteristics has been expressed through fashion. Though surrealisms founding fathers would not have concerned themselves with the attire of their movement, the metaphorical and meaningful attributes of fashion created a natural avenue for the expression of surrealist ideas (Martin 1987). No study on Surrealism in fashion would be complete without mention of its pioneering first lady, Elsa Schiaparelli. This essay will contain a case study on the life and works of Schiaparelli, focusing specifically on how she led the way in merging art with fashion by introducing Surrealist ideas in her designs. Her collaborations with artists such as Salvador Dali, Man Ray and Jean Cocteau shocked the fashion industry with its ingenuity and style. A subsequent case study on Viktor Rolf will examine the contribution of Surrealism in todays fashion industry. Just like their predecessor Schiaparelli, Viktor Rolf are known for their ability to shock, with their extravagant collections and high-concept catwalk shows (Evans Frankel 2008). Though not explicitly billed as Surreal, the flamboyant designs of Viktor Rolf exhibit tell tale characteristics of Surrealist ideas and serve as an ideal example of the height of Surrealisms impact on todays fashion. This study aims to reveal the important role that Surrealism has played on the fashion industry. Both from a historical point of view in the way that it changed the way fashioned was viewed, as well as its continued impact on fashion as a source of inspiration for contemporary designers. The collaboration between artists and designers allowed for fashion to move forward in unprecedented ways, pioneered by the likes of Salvador Dali and Elsa Schiaparelli, and exemplified in todays fashion by the likes of Viktor Rolf. Surrealism Often when we hear the word Surrealism we automatically think of art and conjure up images from Dali and his contemporaries. However, in actual fact there is no such thing as surrealist art. At its true core surrealism is not a matter of aesthetics, but rather a way of thinking, a point of view (Waldberg 1997). It can be summed up quite well by Rimbauds dictum Change life (Levy 1995, p. 5). Surrealism,  through its roots in Dadaism, was a reaction to the philosophy of rationalism, which many felt had caused, through the Industrial Revolution, the disaster of World War I. Tristan Tzara, leader of the  Dada movement, believed that a society that creates the monstrosity of war does not deserve art, so he developed anti-art in a bit to shock society through scandal (Sanchez 2000). Lead by Andre Breton, the participants of the movement were influenced by the works of Sigmund Freund and Carl Jung. The differing interpretations automatism, a term used to describe one of Jungs theories on personal analysis, split the movement into two distinct groups of thought (Sanchez M, 2007, P.49). Some went down the path of abstractionism,  where calligraphy, animation and movement were the key attributes, regardless of the subject. Their belief was that images should not be burdened with meaning. The others however, believed that images could be a link between abstract spiritual realities. Through faithful representation, objects stood as metaphors for an inner reality (Waldberg 1997, p. 9). For the purposes of this thesis, the focus will be on the latter interpretation of automatism in the realm of surrealism as it applies to a subset of artistic expression in the form of fashion design. Surrealism in Fashion Though surrealisms founding fathers would not have concerned themselves with the attire of their movement, the metaphorical and meaningful attributes of fashion created a natural avenue for expression of surrealist ideas (Martin 1987, p. 9). Its appeal to the fashion industry was instantly obvious in the use of ordinary everyday objects and weird landscapes that transferred easily to fabric printing, jewelry,  hats, couture etc, allowing designers the freedom to create art pieces. The amalgamation of surrealism and fashion changed the view of fashion from being disposable and unsubstantial to an art form in its own right (Warburton T, 2008, P. 2). As surrealism evolved into an artistic style through the 1930s and beyond, fashion became one of surrealisms most observable juxtapositions between the ordinary and extraordinary, disfigurement and embellishment, body and concept, pretence and reality. This fascination worked both ways as what covered the body had always been important to the Surrealist  philosophy, in the way that it allowed the imagination to wonder what lay underneath, and this translated easily into wearable garments. The inherent characteristics of fashion offered a natural association to the physical properties of disfigurement that was central to the Surrealist style. Symbolism and Metaphors Fashion and its instruments were at the core of Surrealist metaphor even before Surrealism found its way into fashion. The imaginary of women and beauty has long been a favourite topic for Surrealist artists. Based on the line by French poet Isidore Ducasse, the chance encounter of a sewing machine and an umbrella on a dissecting table, Man Rays photograph of a sewing machine and an umbrella paved the way for the Surrealist study of the sewing machine object as a symbolic metaphor for woman. The sewing machine itself is the primary tool of fashion, and as such came to symbolise women, who at the time were the primary workers in the clothing industry. Therefore since the process is deemed female, so the result fashion is also deemed primarily female. Future Surrealist works would take this idea further such as Joseph Cornells untitled collage depicting a sewing machine producing not only a garment, but the woman within it also (Image 1). The sewing machine was a central metaphor in the Surrealists understanding of beauty within a woman as being composed of clothing and form. Image 1 Joseph Cornell, 1903, Untitled Music was another key imagery in the Surrealists arsenal; in particular musical instruments and their resemblance to the female form. This objectification of women included the idea of women being substitutes for musical instruments. Perhaps one of the most famous of Man Rays photographs Le Violon dIngres (Image 2) fittingly illustrates this concept. This exact imagery has been used many times in fashion from Christian Lacroixs Violin Dress (Image 3) to more recently Viktor Rolfs black violin dress (Image 4). Influenced by Dali and Man Ray themselves, Elsa Schiaparelli also used musical notes and instruments in her designs (Image 5). Image 2 Man Ray, 1924, Le Violon dIngres Image 4 Viktor Rolf, Spring/Summer 2008, Harlequin Collection [Mention mirrors?] Human Form and Parts The mannequins and dress forms of fashion created the ideal playground for the Surrealists appropriation of the human body. The bottle for Elsa Schiaparellis fragrance Shocking adopted the shape of a human torso (Image 6) is a prime example of the Surrealist ideal of the conversion between the living and the inanimate. These surrogates for living figures allowed for greater distortion and display than real models, thus allowing the Surrealist to fully examine the relationship between clothing and the naked body. The Surrealist fascination with parts of the body as symbolic representations is central to the understanding of Surrealist works. To the Surrealist, the eyes represent not only optical vision, but also dreaming, sight, voyeurism, and even blindness. Yves Saint Laurents used this convention in 1980, producing a jacket with emblazoned eyes, Les Yeux dElsa, paying homage to Schiaparelli as the greatest advocate of Surrealist fashion (Image 7). The French designer also used lips, a commonly used decorative device in surreal art, in his Lip Dress; the alignment of the lips with the breasts, creating a distinctive Surrealist touch along with sexual overtones (Image 8). Image 6 Elsa Schiaparelli, 1973, Shocking Perhaps the most imaginative of the abstracted parts are the hands. Used widely by Surrealists in all manner of creative, sexual and functional contexts. Schiaparellis jacket embroidered by Jean Cocteau plays on the functional concept of hands being a natural device for belting around the waist (Image 9). This is also emulated in Francios Lesages Hand Belt (Image 10) and Marc Jacobs lOeil Beaded Dress (Image 11). Likewise, Pierre Cardins leather shoes in the shape of feet draw out the functional characteristics of feet (Image12). Displacement of Objects One of the most common devices of Surrealism is the placement of everyday objects in unusual places. The dysfunction and dislocation of an object allows for a redefining of that object and a friction between the conventional and the subliminal. One obvious method of displacing object is by using it backwards as is the case with the backwards jacket created by Karl Lagerfeld (Image 13), originally pencilled by Elsa Schiaparelli. Viktor Rolf created a similar effect by presenting a whole collection of dresses worn upside down and a show itself that was run completely back to front (Image 14). However, displacement is not confined to within the realm of fashion itself. Objects from one classification can be used within another to create an even more vivid reaction. Dalis fusion of furniture and the human form inspired Schiaparellis design of a desk coat (Image 15) and later on Doline Dritsass Painted-Silk Drawer Dress (Image 16). The use of traditionally non-fashion related objects in fashion is common among contemporary designers. Viktor Rolf have often used objects such as bells, pillows and even spotlights in their designs. Hats have offered some of the most interesting examples of this Surrealist philosophy; from Schiaparellis Dali inspired shoe hat (Image 17), to Karl Lagerfelds mini sofa chair hat (Image 18). The hat is an appropriate agent not only because its function allowed for a seemingly limitless display of dissimilar objects, but it also enabled the ridicule of the hat as a symbolic accessory in culture, ceremony and rank. Image 14 Viktor Rolf, Spring/Summer 2006,Upside Down Collection Nature and Fantasy The natural world itself offered the Surrealist with an array of symbolic objects. Some chose to contort existing symbols and metaphors, such as Rene Magrittes unconventional mermaid (Image 19); while others chose to make up their own eccentric associations, the perfect example being Dalis association of the lobster with female genitalia (Image 20). Dalis obsession with the lobster influenced Schiaparellis legendary lobster dress (Image 21), the painted lobster deliberately placed at the front of the dress over the womans groin area Surrealists had a particular interest in fantasy and the worlds within the imagination They had a fondness of merging things in nature with the human body Looking for objects within nature to symbolise certain things such as sexuality, beauty, metamorphosis Image 19 Rene Magritte, 1934, A Reverse Mermaid Image 20 Salvador Dali Image 21 Elsa Schiaparelli, 1937, Organza Dress with Painted Lobster Surrealism in the Fashion Industry Throughout the 1930s and 40s major Surrealist figures entered the realm of fashion, fashion advertising and shop front displays. Spurned by the first generation of pure Surrealists they sought a channel to continue their exploration into the reconciliation of revolutionary art and everyday realities. By enlisting the talents of notable Surrealists such as Jean-Michel Frank, Jean Cocteau, Cecil Beaton and May Ray, fashion magazines became the method for the propagation of Surrealist style. The partial figure, dislocation of body parts and the placement of these parts in unnatural settings were adopted by new fashion imagery in the 1930s. The Surrealists ability to juxtapose the real and the imaginary made it an ideal form for advertising and media expression. Case Study 1: Elsa Schiaparelli For Elsa Schiaparelli, her works were more about the passion and energy than fashion and design itself. What mattered to her more was that moment of inspiration (Martin 1987, p. 197). Born to an intellectual family in Rome, the would-be French designers work is best known for its Surrealist period in the 1930s, yet her work can be traced back to the 1920s during the earlier Futurism movement. Her marriage to Theosophist Wilhelm Wendt de Kerlor in 1914 encouraged a bohemian existence that led to encounters with a broad circle of international avant-garde artists and thinkers including Dada artist Francis Picabia and surrealist photographer, Man Ray. Through collaborative efforts with Surrealist artists like Jean Cocteau, Man Ray, Salvador Dalà ­ and Marcel Vertà ¨s she was able to bring enthusiasm and spontaneity to her collections. The Modernist characteristics and avant garde style of Schiaparellis work must have reflected their interests. Her simple and sharp design aligned well with their modern lifestyle in tailored suits and evening dresses; and her witty persona esteemed her original designs with embroidery and complementary colors fit for an active clientele (Bryan 2010). Schiaparelli was more an artistic designer than a refined designer, always grasping at ideas but not extracting a style from her garments. In her mind, the objectives of both the designer and artist were equal, and that a garment was a place for artistic expression rather than a medium for the couturiers craft (Martin, P.198). The defining characteristic of Schiaparelli was her daringness to dream, enabling her to bring creations of pure, undiluted inspiration to fashion. A keen interest in unusual materials kept Schiaparelli at the forefront of design innovation. She was persistent in accruing new fabrics for fashion, especially manmade fabrics which were intentionally different from natural fabrics. Her use of cellophane like materials played on the illusions of transparency (The Torso, Picture Book, P.65), and hard rendered soft materials challenged the traditional notions of the properties of materials. In one instance Schiaparelli commissioned the creation of a newspaper-clipping fabric, producing a paradox between the expected ruffle and stiffness of newspaper with the softness of fabric. She also designed a number of accessories to complement her garments; costume jewelry, hand bags as bird cages and even necklaces made of insects (Picture from Elsa picture book, P.43). Most of these were created to make a statement rather than to be worn on the street. Not only was Schiaparelli eager to use unconventional materials in her garments, she was also zealous in adopting new fashion innovations of her time. Invented in 1936, the zipper was already being used by Schiaparelli in imaginative ways. Though we may look at a wool dress with a zipper and contrasting colours and see nothing sublimely Surreal about it now, at the time it was considered novel and daringly inventive. In the 1937-38 season, Schiaparelli shocked the world with her Jean Cocteau jacket (Martin, P.100). The jacket presents an illusion of hands clasping the waste complemented by the profile of a figure and a cascade of hair down the side of the arm. In typical Surrealist style it creates a friction between the figure on the jacket and the wearer, frustrating the viewers attempt to place parts of the body in relationship with the figure. That same year also saw the creation of the iconic, Dali inspired lobster dress (Picture book, P.46). An elegant party dress imprinted with a giant lobster. The lobster was a prime example of the Surrealist vocabulary of forms, Dali using it as a substitute for female genitalia and sexuality. Of all of Schiaparellis artistic collaborations, it is the one with Salvador Dali which produced some of the most imaginative and unusual results. In 1936, Schiaparelli and Dali presented suits and jackets with bureau-drawer pockets reflecting themes prevalent in Dalis Art. In that same year, she and Dali created the Shoe Hat (Martin, P.111), a black felt concoction in the shape of a high-heeled shoe with a shocking pink heel. In these designs, Schiaparelli and Dali used the idea of displacement, where an object is selected and then removed from its usual environment. In doing so, they modify the objects original purpose. The same Surrealist idea of displacement can also be seen on another of their collaborations, the Mutton Hat (Example?). With the desk suit, shoe hat and mutton hat, the artist and the designer altered an objects conventional meaning by transforming it into an item of clothing. The beginning of the Second World War put a halt on Schiaparellis work, which after the war would not return to the same level of exuberance as the past. Her glory was brief, but left a lasting impact on both art and fashion. Perhaps Schiaparellis most important legacy was in bringing to fashion the playfulness and sense of anything goes of the Dada and Surrealist movements. She was an artist in the world of couture, not a designer involved in the evolution of designs. A pioneer, whose inspiration and merger of the arts altered clothing with a capacity to be art, enabling it to be more than just apparel. Case Study 2: Viktor Rolf Viktor Rolf started in 1993 with the pairing of two Dutch graduates, Viktor Horsting and Rolf Snoeren. Ever since then they have endeavoured to blur the line between art and fashion. Through their early instillations at European galleries, Viktor Rolf quickly gained a reputation as high-end conceptual designers who created images and ideas rather than commercial fashion (Evans C. and Frankel S. 2008, P10). Though early on they were known for wowing the fashion press but not selling a stitch Viktor Rolf made a move from haute couture to ready-to-wear in 2000. Similar to conceptual art, conceptual fashion involves works in which concepts and ideas take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Aside from the garments themselves, conceptual fashion was marked with radically new retail spaces, experimental fashion shows and adventurous publishing ventures. All of which have been exemplified in the works and methods of Viktor Rolf; their upside down store in Milan, performance piece catwalk shows and designs for miro-zines such as Visionaire. For Viktor Rolf, couture is an artistic medium, and a playground for the expression of ideas. They are innovative designers who make exquisite and technically amazing garments, yet at the same time they are commentators of their own industry. This is probably most evident in their early gallery installations, as many were critiques and commentaries on the difficulty of breaking into the fashion industry. The pairs first collection of over-sized dresses expressed their feelings of minuteness in the threatening world of Paris fashion. The internal referencing of the industry itself can also be seen in Viktor Rolfs use of Yves Saint Laurent emblazoned fabrics and paying homage to the iconic silhouettes of Chanel, Balenciaga and Yves Saint Laurent in their Black Hole collection. More recently their The Fashion Show collection presented their view on the importance of the fashion show itself to the industry. The garments for this collection were draped over scaffolding and spot lights w orn by the model in a surreal juxtaposition of hard metallic frames and soft flowing fabric. Having mostly displayed their work through art gallery instillations for the initial few years of their career, Viktor Rolf had their first fashion show during the 1998 Paris Fashion Week, albeit without the endorsement of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture, the regulators of haute couture. However, even then, their works hardly existed outside the realm of the fashion show. As one magazine put it their gowns tend to go straight from the catwalks into art museums rather than into wardrobes (Tuner J. 2000).The almost virtual nature of their garments prevented them from initially being granted admittance to the Chambre Syndicale. Despite not conforming to the Chambres requirements, it was their success in the fashion press and magazines that eventually gained them the respect and recognition for membership. Through their simulation of an emergence into the fashion industry via media channels, Viktor Rolf were able to do it for real. In doing so, they had also discovered the rising importance of images in an ever more media rich society. They grappled with the philosophy that our perception of reality is shaped by images and that illusion is now a new form of reality; believing that fashion doesnt have to be something that people wear. Fashion is also an image (Gan S. 2001). This ideology is personified in their Autumn/Winter 2002-03 collection labelled Bluescreen. Models dressed all in blue were recorded via a video camera with the image then being projected onto large screens. On the screen, urban and natural landscapes were transposed onto the blue areas utilizing a movie industry method for creating special effects, thus creating a blur between image and reality. The innovative and often outlandish clothes produced by Viktor Rolf where often complimented by the surreal theatrics of the fashions shows that they were displayed in. In their Autumn/Winter 1998-99 collection Atomic Bomb, the duo fused the silhouette of mushroom clouds with the human form by installing silk padding to inflate the clothes. The apocalypse themed show was followed by models parading the same outfits, however with the implants removed to reveal the graceful draping of the clothes. They used a similar dichotomy in their Spring/Summer 2006 Upside Down collection, showcasing pieces that could be worn bottom up or bottom down; presented on the catwalk one way then the other. Applying the same surreal reasoning, the show itself was presented entirely backwards, with the designers appearing first followed by a procession and then the presentation of each individual piece. Perhaps one of Viktor Rolfs most memorable shows was for their Autumn/Winter 1999-2000 Russian Doll collection. The show was more a performance piece, involving just one model who was dressed one piece at a time in layers of couture dresses by the designers themselves. The resulting effect was that of a reverse Martryoshka doll. This fascination with dolls has been prevalent throughout their career since their Launch instillation of miniatures in 1996 to their latest offering at Londons Barbican Art Gallery. Proving that their move to more commercial markets has not diminished the duos affinity towards Surrealism, the 2008 Barbican display consists of a gigantic dollhouse inhabited by 55 dolls clothed with miniaturised Viktor Rolf outfits showcasing their 15 year career, aptly named The House of Viktor Rolf. In 2004 the duo launched a perfume called Flowerbomb and in fine Surrealist fashion packaged it in a grenade shaped bottle. Complimenting that was a clothing collection featuring the excessive use of oversized bows and ribbons. Viktor Rolfs penchant for the Surrealist ideology of displacement of objects can be further witnessed by their Bells collection of garments, heavily embroidered with brass bells, and the use of pillows and quilting in their intimate Bedtime Story collection. Not only do Viktor Rolf draw on the ideologies of the Surrealism movement, but their works also show inspiration from other Surrealist artists. The ever present trait of medieval carnival was brought out explicitly in their Spring/Summer 2008 Harlequin collection. The garments exhibited references to commedia dellarte, a theme that was once adopted by the queen of Surrealist fashion, Elsa Schiaparelli (Evans C. and Frankel S. 2008, P16). Motifs of violins adorning the dresses paid homage to Surrealist photographer May Ray and his famous image, Le Violon dIngres (Image 2). Though not known specifically as Surrealist designers the characteristics of Surrealism are clearly evident in Viktor Rolfs designs. They have used Surrealist methods such as the displacement of objects, manipulation of the human form and merging of the real and imaginary as tools for their own conceptual ideas. Just like their predecessors, in the likes of Elsa Schiaparelli, they employ these methods to create innovative and shocking garments often more akin to art, than off-the-shelf fashion. The Lasting Impact of Surrealism on Fashion Conclusion When Surrealism came to fashion it was with a passion, engulfing the fashion arts with an enthusiasm that has never left. Over time ideas about fashion presentation in magazines, window displays and apparel have evolved, but Surrealism remains fashions favourite art. The collaboration between artists and designers allowed for fashion to move forward in unprecedented ways, pioneered by the likes of Dali and Elsa Schiaparelli, and exemplified in todays fashion by the likes of Viktor Rolf.

NHS Public Relations and Customer Care Policy

NHS Public Relations and Customer Care Policy Introduction Public relations are an indirect form of sales motivation ‘a psychology – coated advertising pill’. According to the Institute of Public Relations[1], public relations are defined as: the deliberate planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organisation and its public. Presently in the UK (United Kingdom) most health care providers are managed by the NHS (National Health Service) – the largest public service organisation in Europe. Therefore the direction this report will take is as follows: (1) to investigate the key principles of public relations and customer care; (2) to analyse how a public service organisation deals with public relations – in particular how the NHS deals with public relations; and (3) to examine the customer care policy of the NHS. The key principles of public relations and customer care According to Hall (1971)[2], public relations are based on the following key principles: The company and customers or prospective customers – the primary objective being to create a good public image and the secondary objectives being: (1) Selling the company, by securing and maintaining public goodwill; (2) Unobtrusively advertising the product or service sold; (3) Increasing sales and profits, and paying higher dividends to the shareholders. 2. The company and shareholders or prospective shareholders – It is also important  that the company should maintain good relations with its shareholders and with  the investing public at large, for the following reasons: (1) The shareholders as owners of the company, are entitled to information  concerning its activities. (2) It is essential to keep the shareholders contented, as they are a  prospective source of capital if the company wishes to develop at some future  date. (3) The investing public at large is more likely to invest in a company with  which it has good relations. 3. The company and its employees – personnel relations and public relations are  complementary. A company’s treatment of its employees is an important factor in  enhancing or dimming its public image. Therefore it is useless to spend money on  an elaborate public relations department and then ignore the basic principles of  good personnel relations. Arens (1999)[3] agrees but argues that there are four other principles: 4. Communities – courtesy and friendly support towards the organisations immediate  neighbours strengthens the ties between the organisation and its neighbours. 5. Media – press packets, briefings, and facilitating access to organisation  news makers build trust and goodwill. 6. Government – a desire for favourable legislation and subsidies are good reasons  why organisations should earn and maintain the goodwill and trust of the  government. The systems and procedures involved in dealing with public relations The size of an organisation and the type of business it is often determines the methods of public relations to be used e.g. Large companies are more inclined to have their own public relations department – which contrasts with small companies which would most likely outsource public relations consultants. If an organisation desires external public relations can be achieved through anyone of the following methods: Press relations, comprising press releases and notices relating to the companys activities. Exhibitions and trade fairs Television and radio are used for public relations as well as for advertising. Direct consumer contacts – this is a personal approach to improving public relations and is all about implementing goodwill to others in an attempt at public relations success. Literature produced in various printed forms ranging from journals to an organisation history. Eye-catching functions used to gain public notice, e.g. The sponsorship of sports events such as the annual walk against breast cancer. Open days – the public (inclusive of employees families) is invited to visit the organisations premises – this helps promote personnel relations. The National Health Service The National Health Service of the UK is divided into two divisions; England and Wales, and Northern Ireland. The National Health Service has outlined for the both regions all the personnel who will fall under its umbrella as follows: England and Wales[4] A Patients Forum established under section 15 of the National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002. Any person providing primary medical services or primary dental services In accordance with arrangements made under section 28C of the National Health Service Act 1977; or Under a contract under section 28K or 28Q of that Act; in respect of information relating to the provision of those services. Any person providing general medical services, general dental services, general ophthalmic services or pharmaceutical services under Part II of the National Health Service Act 1977, in respect of information relating to the provision of those services. Any person providing personal medical services or personal dental services under arrangements made under section 28C of the National Health Service Act 1977, in respect of information relating to the provision of those services. Any person providing local pharmaceutical services under A pilot scheme established under section 28 of the Health and Social Care Act 2001; or An LPS scheme established under Schedule 8A to the National Health Service Act 1977 (c 49), in respect of information relating to the provision of those services. Northern Ireland Any person providing primary medical services, general dental services, general ophthalmic services or pharmaceutical services under Part VI of the Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972, in respect of information relating to the provision of those services. Customer Care Policy Davis (2003 p. 47)[5] says that patients are consumers of medical services and deserve customer care. He believes that customer care is critical especially for professionals such as surgeons and dentists; and that customer care creates opportunities for the customers to be informed and form judgements. According to Davis, customers pay for what they receive and as he explains, patients do have family and friends who from a critical public that directly affect the organisations reputation. Therefore if patients receive ill treatment the organisation is likely to have a bad reputation which would most likely lead to a loss of clientà ¨le to competition. Good customer care is also essential when dealing with patients, as this can affect the direction which a grant might take. In particular the NHS has a rating system which encourages feedback – which it then uses to improve its quality of customer service. Systems and Procedures in relation to communication with the media Media specialists are aware of the requirements, preferences, limitations, and strengths of the various media used to serve the client. They find the right media for clients messages (Baran, 2002)[6]. In public relations the accounting, legal and medical professions have had little success in policing their own members. Therefore one should ask what should be done to prevent misleading and dishonest communications from going to the public? The International Association of Businesses Communicators have laid down a code of practice which states that Members of IABC will engage in truthful, accurate and fair communication that facilitates respect and mutual understanding ¡K Accoding to Horton (2002)[7], the fact is that what a CEO wants, a CEO gets. Sometimes a board of directors has the power to stop a CEO from making false statements or misleading customers, investors, regulators and others. But, whistle blowers do not fare well, and it takes a great deal of evidence for a whistle b lower to prove that a corporation has engaged in unethical action or misleading communication. Further, even though one is personally ethical, executives can sanction and encourage unethical activity. This puts a strain on one to go along or get out. Unfortunately, it is usually easier to go along, and there are rewards for doing so. There are many ways that a CEO can corrupt a company, but one of the most insidious is the goals that the CEO sets. Horton explains that defending an unpopular person, organization or issue in the media is a tough PR challenge. He expounds that unlike a court of law where rules of argumentation and fact apply, PR practitioners face uncontrolled media, citizen rumours, political opinion, falsehoods and conclusions based on partial fact. Public relations in such times can be thankless and a losing effort. Yet, as he puts it, successful defence can be a career high point. Practitioners learn what they are made of and how well they have mastered communications. Horton has laid down some rules for dealing with the media as follows: The first rule of defending the indefensible is to start with and stick to facts as much as possible. Unfortunately, in many, if not most situations, facts are missing or incomplete. Facts put to rest speculation and opinion, and they stop a natural tendency to assume there is more behind an issue or event than meets the eye. This means PR practitioners should be trained in gathering and checking facts quickly then getting them out fast to interested parties. However, facts can tell an ugly story, a story that an individual and/or organization do not want to have told. In addition, facts may tell stories that must not be narrated because of personal, political or other confidentiality. PR practitioners often know more than can be said to journalists, and journalists are dedicated to finding out what practitioners cannot say. Silence PR practitioners are taught that silence is harmful. During a crisis, they are told that individuals or organizations must do something with media calls, skittish investors, unhappy suppliers, fearful employees and grandstanding regulators. But silence is not always harmful. There are times when silence is best even though others talk about you, especially when defending unpopular individuals, organizations or issues. An old clichà © attributed to British royalty is, â€Å"Never complain, never explain.† This stiff-upper-lip approach covered up many activities that royalty did not want to expose to public scrutiny. It worked for decades until U.K. media in search of circulation boosts broke a compact of silence about the doings of the palace. Nonetheless, silence helps when: Pressure to speak is not intense If the public, regulators, media and others are not pushing to get answers, it might work well not to volunteer them. When the issue might be a passing one – If an issue arises that is a one-day headline, â€Å"no comment† might suffice. When there is nothing one can say. The only justifiable expression may be confession and remorse. When speaking makes the situation worse. Speed It is a basic PR rule to get out factual information as quickly as possible. Delay is a mistake that happens too frequently because of internal battles, concerns for liability and dictates of privacy. Some speed techniques are: Say â€Å"No comment,† and follow orders. Deliver some kind of statement, even if inadequate â€Å"I have been instructed to tell you†¦. That is all that I can say at this time.† Let another take over. Fight hard – Collect the emerging media stories and go to the CEO to make a forceful case for what is happening to the firm’s reputation by failing to disclose the facts speedily. Resign – This is an extreme option unless a company or CEO is so far in the wrong that a practitioner can be considered complicit by acting as a spokesperson. Damage Control When compelling facts are not readily available, practitioners must use damage control to defend the indefensible individual or organization. Refutation – Paint a story as false. One attacks the teller of the story (â€Å"Consider the source.†) and the story itself as meaningless, incredible, impossible or illogical. Confirmation – Praise the person and story that favour your side. (â€Å"X is an honourable man. He would never lie.†) Note that a story is possible, probably, logical and fitting. (â€Å"From our careful reconstruction, this is the way that events unfolded.†) Of course, even though X is an honourable man, he might sometimes lie and careful reconstructions of stories might be logical and wrong. Vituperation – This has a more modern name – â€Å"character assassination.† It’s an all-out effort to discredit someone making allegations by going after the person’s heritage, education, background, lifestyle or whatever it takes to take away the individual’s credibility in the eyes of target audiences. Appeal to character – This is an effort to build the image of an individual and cast doubt on allegations against that person. Appeals to character use all of the techniques of vituperation but puts a positive spin on them. Diversion – Create a secondary issue that obscures the first issue. A popular movie came out a few years ago that illustrated how to do this by creating a phony war. The film, Wag the Dog, was a cynical portrayal of how Washington political communications work. Comments and Conclusion Defence of an unpopular individual, organization or point of view is probably no more successful than defending an accused in a courtroom. However, because the media and society do not follow strict rules of argumentation or precedent, the chances of a story â€Å"getting away† from the practitioner are greater. (Caywood, 1997)[8] When companies and individuals have been destroyed by negative publicity, only to be vindicated later, they can never recover what they have lost. There is little recourse in the law for such outcomes. One can sue for libel, but if the facts of a case were accurate to the time they were presented, there was no libel. One is a victim of circumstances. The PR practitioner’s job, insofar as the practitioner is able, is to balance perception enough to take pressure off an individual or organization or, if possible, to refute allegations. There is no chance of success unless one tries. It is imperative that public relations departments and personnel remember that they are the main point of contact for radio and television stations, newspapers, and magazines. Footnotes [1] Institute of Public Relations, Guide to the practice of public relations [2] Hall L., (1971, p. 288) Business Administration, 3rd Edition, MacDonald and Evans Ltd. [3] Arens W.F., (1999) Contemporary advertising, Irwin McGraw-Hill [4]National Health Service http://www.foi.gov.uk/coverage.htm#part3http://www.foi.gov.uk/coverage.htm#part3 [Online Source: 15/05/06] [5] Davis A., (2003) Everything You Should Know About Public Relations, Page Kogan [6] Baran S.J., (2002) Introduction to Mass Communication; Maedia, Literacy, and Culture, McGraw Hill [7] Horton J.L., () The ethics question http://www.online-pr.com/Holding/TheEthicsQuandaryARTICLE.pdf [Online Source: 15/05/06] [8] Caywood C.L., (1997) The Handbook of Strategic Public Relations and Integrated Communications, McGraw Hill

Western Influence on Japan Essay -- Geography

Western Influence on Japan Japan, as a nation, is a continually changing society. Ever since western nations became involved with Japan, its changes over recent times have increased at a substantial rate. Japan now faces cultural, economical and social differences as a result of the western involvement. The involvement was initiated by the Japanese themselves, beginning during the Meiji Period1 through current times. As time increases, Japan is slowly becoming more 'westernized' because of western involvement. Western involvement is greatly affecting Japan. Western involvement began in Japan during the late 1800's. The Meiji dynasty helped to carry it through, seeing the importance of western ideas. "Learn all you can from the Europeans and Americans"2 was what Emperor Meiji was saying to the Japanese in 1867. During this period, Japan agreed to change it's hereditary authority and class barriers between its people.3 Japan also opened their ports during this period4 and sold fuel to other countries such as the Us.5 The Japanese language took a major turn, too, with the addition of borrowed words from all over the world.6 Japan borrowed the American education system of elementary, middle school and universities during this time.7 A new western style army and universal military conscription program were soon set up by General Yamagata Autamo as well.8 The Meiji period was an important part of Japan's changing western ways. After World War II, Japan changed forever. With the Atomic bomb physically destroying their cities, and their defeat destroying their imperialistic mentalities, Japan was deeply wounded. Japan lost the respect of the world during the war and few people felt sorry f... ...R. Japan. p.113. 22 Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West, p.107. 23 Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. p.46. 24 Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West, p.101. 25 p.94. 26 Miller, Richard J. and Katoh, Lynn. Japan, p.57-58. 27 Greene, Carol. Enchantment of the World, Japan, p.97. 28 Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. p.78. 29 Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West, p.48. Works Cited: Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West. Minnesota: Dillon Press Inc., 1983. Greene, Carol. Enchantment of the World, Japan. Chicago: Regensteiner Publishing Enterprises Inc., 1983. Miller, Richard J. and Katoh, Lynn. Japan. New York: Franklyn Watts Inc., 1969. Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. Canada: Fideler Company., 1974. Reischauer, Edwin O. The United States and Japan. Massachusettes: Harvard University Press, 1965.

Essay --

There are numerous aspects of Let the Right On In that show it to be traditional and yet untraditional when one considers vampire mythology—in essence a hybrid. As Jules Zanger describes modern vampires, it is easy to identify the how many traits of the story’s vampire, Eli, to be modern, and the story in general to be modernized. Despite the subtle references to Dracula, this movie desexualizes the vampire, accepting friendship as opposed to leading a solitary life, and shows her to be sympathetic and possible even gaining the audience’s (and Oskar’s) approval of her existence. The sexual overtones of many vampire stories, including recent ones, in which the vampire bite serves as a stand-in or metaphor for penetration, undergo a radical shift in Let the Right One In. She appears to be young, barefoot, and showing a pale complexion with modest green eyes with dark rings under them. She does not seem to have been living as for centuries as our classic vampires seems to, but rather, she is stuck in this girl’s body. Let the Right One In is absolutely not about sex even if the movie’s primary relationship is romantic. Considering vampire folklore revolves around sex or some form of sexual aura, Let the Right One In completely deviates from this. The vampire in this story, Eli, is not sexualized at all, but rather de-sexualized. There is nothing â€Å"sexually appealing† about an ostensibly asexual girl stuck in a 12-year old body. Important as well is their budding affection that encompasses physical closeness but is emphatically not sexu al. On one level, this exchange illustrates what ‘going steady’ means to 12 year-olds: it is an affirmation of friendship and loyalty quite disconnected from overt sexuality. In one scene, Oscar and ... ...ive friendship and allowing a tender love-friendship grow between Oskar and Eli. A third way that Eli is parallel to classic vampires, say Dracula, is that Eli is cut off from human society in a profound way. Though she is not immediately identified as a vampire, her appearance and behaviour mark her as an outsider. Just as Dracula is visually and audibly coded as an ‘immigrant’ or ‘foreign’, Eli is set apart from clean-cut, blonde Swedish types by her tousled, dark hair and unkempt, waif-like appearance. Her divergence is particularly striking because, with one exception, all other characters in the film are ethnic Swedes. Like classic vampire films, Eli is an outside figure and is invariably menacing, becoming a manifestation of the audience’s deepest fears, while simultaneously feeling compassion and understanding for her alienation, exclusion, and difference.

A Fireside Chat Essay

â€Å"It was good work, the kind of work that let you sleep soundly at night and, when you awoke, look forward to the day†, Jeanette Walls quoted. According to Wikipedia, work ethics is defined as a value based on hard work and diligence. In the text, A Fireside Chat, Sir Lynden Pindling speaks about poor work ethics and how it must be changed to build The Bahamas. Some civil servants are discouraged because of victimization, others have no hope for the future and some believe that since â€Å"their’’ government is in power they no longer have to work hard. The Bahamas is a democratic country; therefore everyone should have a freedom of speech and freedom to vote for the government of their choice. Sir Lynden Pindling addresses that a factory has been closed down, vegetable crates have been denied to small farmers and workers have been laid off work because of political reasons. These unfair actions cause workers to be discouraged, whether they were the ones directly affected or not. Also, victimization causes other workers to feel the need to not work hard. Put yourself in their shoes, if other people who don’t support the people who don’t support the PLP government are being fired and because you voted for them your job is secure wouldn’t you feel comfortable and slack off as well? I know I would. Employers who victimize employees not only show poor work ethic to their workers but also the public. If you fire people because they have different views you are making it hard on your business. This can cause slower services because of lack of workers and eventually add to the decline of customers. Sir Lynden Pindling also states that no government would function well or long without an efficient civil service. Why put your country, let alone your business at jeopardy of failing? Not only adults have poor work ethics, so do adolescents. Some children feel discouraged because of the area they live in or their financial situations and provide mediocre services as well. For example, some packing boys never have a smile on their face and when loading your bags to the car they handle them with no care whatsoever. Attitudes like this can cause them to receive little or no tips from customers. No matter how big or small your job is, it is vital. In paragraph eight of the text, Sir Lynden Pindling encourages the children to never give up on their dreams because nothing is impossible. He even gives examples of children in poor communities, â€Å"little Mary of Toote Shop Corner† and â€Å"little John of Meadow Street’’, that education is the key and dreams can become reality. Some civil servants believe that since â€Å"their† government is in power they have arrived and are free to slack off on their jobs. Have you ever wondered why the waitress serving you seemed as though she had a frown painted on her face and it seemed like she did not want to be at work that day? This is because workers do not value their jobs or even the customers. Some workers even treat the local Bahamians poorly, but treat the tourist very well. This may be because of the tourists’ skin color or accent, so the waitresses assume these customers will tip better. Local Bahamians are treated with mediocrity because the waitresses assume they will tip poorly or not tip at all. Aside from having bad attitudes on the job, some workers do not act professionally. For example, last week Thursday I went to The Bowling Alley with a few friends and during our game of bowling the waitress came to take our order. Her conduct was very poor; she flirted with my friends and gave attitude towards me with made me not enjoy my experience the way I wanted to. I feel as though when you are on the job your conduct should be very professional and you should speak to the customers formally and not informally. Therefore, many Bahamians have poor work ethics and this should be fixed immediately. In order for this country to grow progressively we must all work together to strengthen each other instead of victimizing people. We must also learn to believe in ourselves and work professionally when on the job.

The Media Violence Debate

THE MEDIA VIOLENCE globe fester Introduction idiot box and flick games argon favorite routes teenagers spend their leisure hours. P arnts and teens themselves beat wondered close to their cause because of legion(predicate) concerns raised with regards to the detrimental specifys that these bring in of fun bring. Many of todays squirtren convey up with a moving picture recording at home or even in their own rooms and there possess a bun in the oven been studies dedicated to the epitome of their impact of a preteen child growing up to adolescence. Young children atomic number 18 heavily checkd by tv and ikon games, legion(predicate) of which be informational.While there argon fun educational destines and games that benefit educational development for unsalted children, the picking of photograph recording system games and telecasting shows atomic number 18 different when they grow up to be teenagers. This is when the problem begins. The negative influences of tv and video games ar aplenty. Flipping d matchless the channels would certainly show situations of military group, stir scenes and definite conversations, alcohol and drug use, cursing and verbal obscenities, unsuitable body image reflections, and to a greater extent.Visiting a games arcade would non only hurt adepts ears because of the noise of gunshots and obscene shouts from the games conform toed, provided overly expose one to c everywhere and highly uncivilised miens of cleanup spot muckle. These situations nooky affect teenagers differently. With few reliable things that finish be learned from numerous an(prenominal) idiot box shows (documentaries and educational shows, for example) and video games (motor skills development), the negative effects of these forms of media outweighs the positive ones. This paper aims at discussing the effects of media peculiarly on the argue that has been going on with the ill-effects of media effect .Moreover, it provides a shuttles eye view and analysis on the influences of media vehemence especi eachy on children. Relevant Research and Authors Featured in The Guardian on June 2001, Rushdies verity TV A Dearth of Talent and the goal of Morality has caught the attention of some(prenominal) moralists who reconcile on Rushdies idea and views on the preponderance and existence of trueity TV today. Rushdie has presented so many points in his essay that I fully agree on. First, impactableity video recording shows ar hard to avoid. Their ratings be a proof how deal patronize these kinds of shows.Look how many millions of texters would send in their votes for their favorite the Statesn Idol. The success of many worldly concern shows in the 1990s made way for networks to calcu slow of much architectural plans the weirder, the better because people had the courseency to hold pragmatism programs that exude the abnormal. Moreover, these truth shows that make people who have no gift at whole, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as MTVs hit Jersey Shore, contrast to vigorous programs in the sometime(prenominal) and yes, some groundbreaking ones, that showcase celebrities with real talents or programs that are worth our precious clock.Marshall McLuhan is non know by many precisely to those who are into the subject area of media, he is fancyed to be the first off father and leading prophet of the electronic age. This Canadian born writer and amateur wrote mostly on the topic of consciousness the effects of technology as it is colligate to the popular culture and how this affected and influenced man and its relationship to one a nonher and to the lodge as a whole.The phrase the strong suit is the centre was started by McLuhan and s confusablelyd to mean the form of a culture medium is embedded in the nub itself thereby forming a correlation on how any message is organism unders in any cased thus influencing neuter as time goes by. Mc Luhan (1964) supports that that a medium affects the fellowship in which it plays a use not only by the contentedness delivered over the medium, but by the characteristics of the medium itself. Further much, he emphasizes that any bare-assspaper article or television program does not have any content at all un little the people or the society reacts to them.The messages that are presented by oral, grade and electronic media are windlessness depending how it would influence the society as a whole and a mortal in particular. How the contents or messages semen through changes the attitude of the viewing auditory sense or readers. The messages that each kind of media exposes are aquiline on persons view. He compares movies and television in their manner of screening and content saying that the visual first appearance presents different types of influences. Media as a vessel of authoritative messages is an crucial point to consider to every person who is into the broadc ast and print industry.Video Games forcefulness Video games are a lucrative business anywhere in the terra firma today, claiming US$ 10 trillion in gross revenue in the joined States alone in one year. However, with this increase sales come serious concerns much or less their effects on thespians, especially teenagers. Researches have been conducted to show the effects of video games on teenagers. Results prove that there is indeed a high possibility and same(p)liness of in-your-face and violent behaviors to be manifested in some adolescents who frequently play violent video games.With these findings, ordinary policy options for limiting distribution of these kind of games are be created however, the psychiatric hospital and spread of more video games face too many too stop. In 2006, the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) reported their findings on studies conducted on teenagers who play violent games. These unexampled adolescents show long effects of abnor mal brain functions which accommodate intense emotional arousals and a hang in their concentration, control, and focus. idiot box madnessAs a child becomes a teenager, his/her hours in front of the television lessens because socialization outdoors, demands of indoctrinatework, and the lure of some other media forms (music, video games, computers, and the Internet) would take a vast division of idle time. Watching television is considered to be a relaxing activity which call for less concentration. Rehnstrand (2005) writes that teenagers tend to watch television when they have nothing to do. Yet, even if time spent watching television lessens during these years, parents still have to know what their children are watchingTelevision in moderation is not bad at all. In fact, pre-schoolers can start learnedness through educational shows, grade school children can learn from nature shows, and adults can be informed with current news. Television can be a root word of entertainmen t as rise up. However, with the good things, disadvantages cannot be negated. Studies show that teenagers who spend more than quaternity hours daily in front of the television become overweight. They become either more aggressive or become too fearful. Moreover, teenagers develop sexual urge stereotyping and vices from many shows.Direct make of Media Violence Researches and studies by professionals in the world of health and psychology have revealed that motion-picture show to media passages of military unit increases aggressive behavior not only in children but adolescents and adults as well. Reports by mental health institutes rural area that television, movie, music, the Internet, videogames and printed materials contribute to aggressive behaviors of individuals who are discipline to them. The personnel depicted in them is considered stake factors to the developing child, adolescents and to the stability of their families.Individuals who are undefendable to media vi olence often see the world as a sinister function as depicted by television programs. Even cartoon programs for kids are implant to contain violence indirectly through their dialogues and actions. Kamalipour et al (2001) evidenced that with the advent of videocassette sales and rentals, pay-per-view TV, cable TV, videogames, and online moveive media, many more children and adolescents have greater access to media with violent content than had ever been available in previous decades.These depictions make young viewers numb to the ill-effects of violence, onset, and develop in them fear. Recommendations of drop Models for Television and Video Games Filtering is a way for parents or others who object to violence in plenteousness media to control what is being viewed and compete in their homes. However, it is also categorized by some as censorship. Censorship is an immanent and expected element of how people interact instead of cultivating a negative and dissociate interruptio n in the regular shine of communication.The major problem centers on where to rank between what is acceptable and which is not, or who is authorise and on what criteria to follow. Technology has come up with many types of filtering models, all with one utilization to opt out parts of a movie or TV program or video game that is not positive for children and teenagers especially. V-chip is used for television receivers that staunch programs and think for parents use for their children . Another is ClearPlay which provides families the choice to watch movies with less graphic violence, nudity, explicit sex, and profanity.Parental controls and guidance are still deemed to be the best models in filtering violence and other undesirable parts of media. Self-control and subject area are also considered to be essential determine that one should have to be able to practice responsibility over the violence depicted different ways. bear upon or Cue Theories Tate and McConnell (2001) me ntion about the cue theory, which stated that when angry people are exposed to television or games violence,those portrayals signal to them to behave aggressively.The elements in the portrayal (guns, particular kinds of characters, etc. ) serve as cues. When these cues are later encountered in real life, viewers are reminded of theviolence, and this reminder increases the likelihood that they will behave aggressively. Viewers who come in with the aggressor in the mediawill be more likely to aggress in real life when presented with a similar situation to that of the media aggressor. And whenthe media portray violence as having successful outcome, viewers are more likely to be cued to try hostility as a strategy in real life.Catharsis opening This hypothesis states that If you bargain for a punching bag, or release your belligerence by playing Quake, or by screaming, then you will be less violent and aggressive in day-to-day life, having released your aggression. match to Green field (1984), many professionals on this field begged to disagree to this as there are other hypotheses that negateits formation. However, enquiry test this catharsis hypothesis found that children who are subjected to media violence showed more overt aggression that analysts blame on lowered inhibitions.More researches show that most deadly effect of media violence is making people numb to the real violence in life. Cultivation Hypothesis The cultivation hypothesis was an approach real by Professor George Gerbner who used heathen Indicators to study whether and how watching television or playing video games may influence viewers ideas of what the everyday world is like. Theorists assert that television and video games has long term effectsthat areindirect but significant. Gerbner however argues in his theory that television is obligated for shaping viewers concepts and ideas of social earthly concern.In addition, this theory proposes that cumulus media is a vital socializing performer that make television watchers believe in the version of reality that it exhibits. Observational breeding This particular theory asserts study findings that image to media violence through television, the Internet, and video games greatly influence teenagers aggressive behavior. Young children tend to imitate and follow what they see and intoxicate and this theory becomes accurate in their limitations concerning media violence. In addition, it proposes that media violence provides children ideas and views of a world that is sincerely bad and hostile in reality.Considering gender issues when talking about media violence is a serious task that many media watchers are identifying. However, there are also issues that media violence that depicts women has secure the same effects of media violence as a whole. Feminists view this differently since they adhere to the fact that there is a grave impact of the degree of media violence if it consists of women issues. Media Influ ence Media is known to be one source of a steady substantiation in the communication among families, individuals, and society in general.It has played a significant role in shaping and portraying opinions and viewpoints of the everyday, forming a bond between the nations to the people eyepatch reproducing the total image of society. Criticisms as earliest as the middle of the 20th blow suggested that media was able to lessen and restrict a persons capacity to think and act independently. Occasionally, this is because of the influence suggestive of the many telescreens and printed musical compositions. The media has indeed a very clear social and cultural effect upon society.This is can be explained upon their capacity to span and touch a huge audience with a strong and influential message. Marshall McLuhan (1964) says the medium is the message as a hawkshaw of expounding how the distribution of a message can almost always be more vital than the content of the message itself. It is by the convincing power of media like television, radio, and print that messages span their target audiences. Television and radio broadcasting, for example, have a huge volume of control over what the public watches and hears and the frequency they are viewed.This is an important persuasion of traditional media that is challenged by changing the way the audience participates. The Internet today also has made a space for more mixture of opinions in the political, social, and cultural realms and an change magnitude level of interlocking as well. Media Violence in Reality TV The reinvention of reality TV into a more awful genre is proven by how such sports documentaries are programmed. Sometimes, some programs get too out of bound when the life of participants is being put out for the sake of fun.And it is drear how these participants are impulsive to risk their lives for the property at stake and maybe a shot at stardom, if lucky. In the past decade, we have witnessed ho w television drama has saturnine from wholesome to violent and sexually explicit. Moreover, the frivolity is becoming worse with puns obviously reckoned (Halloran, 1975). Along with this, reality TV has rancid into a genre that many critics of media assert showcases more violence, more competition, more pestiferous episodes, more self-confidence, and more sexuality as a version of reality.All these are offered to an audience who are willing to gobble these all up. It is a reality as well that many people enjoy reality TV shows as evidenced with the ageless ratings that show business is doing well. The reasons behind this allegiant patronage of reality shows are because people tend to identify themselves with the participants, they enjoy the competition, they are thrilled with the drama that are spiced in these shows (Earles et al, 2002). For the producing networks, it is not at all a sweat to get participants who are willing to undergo such rigid or too easy tasks.The lure o f coin and instant fame is too tempting to pass. Reality TV shows abound because of the pull it has on the audience share. However, many analysts agree that these kinds of shows that are being aired nowadays are getting ethically and morally indefinite compared to the reality TV series that were clear and outright wholesome. Furthermore, reality TV shows clearly idolize and worship superficial homophile aspects like body and facial beauty. This becomes a very bad example for the younker who make up a abundant bulk of the audience share.Reports say that 3 out of 4 teenagers have reality shows as their favorite TV shows (Rushdie, 2001). Is reality television altering our values in a negative way or is just a reflection of already existing values? Definitely these shows generally impacts audiences in a negative way. In fairness for those shows who do not intend to exude negativism, they still do so. Although sharp or subconsciously, these shows are to blame for the eroding o f ethics and morals especially among the young audiences who also enjoy the competition and vanity being portrayed in many of these types of programs.Parental guidance cannot seem to curtail such viewings and minors are taking a peek and sample of the badness snarly reality shows. Yes, they entertain audiences because the p plentitudes excite the viewers. repute that real people are writing the scripts and thinking of the plots. The production team is further made of real people. Therefore it follows that the values of the creators are shown, directly or indirectly, in their programs. Graphic Novels as an Agent of Media Violence The American comic book took check in the late 1930s with the entryway of Superman and then Batman, Wonder Woman, master America and more.Arriving at the end of the opinion and ruing the first few weeks of World state of war II, comics provided cheap, thrilling entertainment that appealed to both the young and the soldiers (Rehnstrand, 2005). nonsen sical books became a very influential and popular element of the entertainment world. As the medium progressed, it embraced a wide innovation of genres like romance, horror, crime, science fiction, war, humor and adventure. singular book sales soared up afterward World War II but suffered a setback in the fifties brought about by anti-comic book hysteria.The comical Books Authority whipped up a lot of no-noes on the plots and illustrations. The medium rebounded back in the 1960s this time with a brand new style of comic story telling. The late 1960s brought about the start of todays graphic invigorateds which disregards the restrictions of the Comic code? More and more content was created and marketed as graphicnovels. 1986 was a find year when two critically acclaimed bestselling books were published as graphic novels Maus, and Watchmen. The late mid-nineties introduced Manga, a type of graphic novel from Japan that was accepted warmly in the United States.Today, like their counterpart in prose, graphic novels cover every liable genre including fiction, biography, history, journalism, education, crime, horror, fantasy, romance, adventure, memoir, humor, politics, and many more. After a century of growth, the comics that once started for amusement in newspapers have matured and are parentage to enjoy a place in the literary world. Conclusion Television and video games can be good sources of education and entertainment for anybody at any age or gender. However, teenage is considered to be a crucial age when an individual is kinda adamant to become an adult or remain a child.The influence of media on teenagers has resulted on many emotional, social, and psychological dilemmas. Studies and research have been dedicated to analyzing the effect of media, particularly television and video games on teenagers. According to Rhenstrand (2005), playing video games is known to originate the aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of teenagers. Video games can be more harmful than violent television shows or movies since they are more interactive, requiring the player to identify with the aggressive character.Some scientific studies state that the fewer teenagers play video games or watch television, the less aggressive they are. circumspection has been centered on the concern of television and video games portrayal of violence, vices (smoking, drugs, and alcohol), and sex. With violence, television is exhalation the viewing of hurting and killing opus video games needs the active conflict of players. It is recommended that more research would be conducted on the behavioral outcomes of interactions on violence and sex in video games and the implications of passive participation of teenagers while watching television.However, there should be careful and strict guidelines that the viewing public should follow in order to match that their influences would be beneficial, especially for the young viewers. The influence is so great that it has made changes in the way people act and think. These media forms are here to stay, for sure. Let us just hope that it will be innovated to be used as an instrument of change for the better and not for worse. References Earles KA, R Alexander, M Johnson, J Liverpool, and M McGhee. 2002. Media influences on children and adolescents violence and sex. Journal of the National health check Association. 94 (9) 797-801. Greenfield, Patricia Marks. 1984. Mind and media the effects of television, video games, and computers. Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press. Halloran JD. 1975. The Mass Media and Violence. Forensic Science. 5. 3 209-17. Kamalipour, Yahya R. , and Kuldip R. Rampal. 2001. Media, Sex, Violence, and Drugs in the Global Village. Lanham, Md Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. McLuhan, M. 1964.Understanding media The extensions of man. naked as a jaybird York McGraw-Hill. Rehnstrand, R. 2005. The longitudional effects of media violence (television and video games) on vi olence in children into adulthood.Starred paper (M. S. )St. bribe State University. Rushdie, Salman. 2001. Reality TV A Dearth of Talent and the Death of Morality. The Guardian. Tate, E. and McConnell, K. 2001. The mass media and violence from McKie, Craig and Benjamin Singer, (eds. ) Communications in Canada Society, 5th edition. Toronto Thompson Educational (TEP)